Nāgānanda International Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences – Vol. III, Issue 02

Dr. Dananjaya Gamalath
Professor, Postgraduate Institute of Archaeology, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka.
Dr. Nayomi Kekulawala
Senior Lecturer, Department of History, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka.
Research Article : Time and Space – A theoretical and conceptual approach in Historical
Archaeology (with special reference to Buddhist and Hindu Architecture
in Sri Lanka)

Dr. Rangana Sri Shalika Wadippuli Arachchi
Professor, Department of Tourism Management, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya.
Research Article : Domestic Millennial Tourists’ Attitudes & Beliefs Towards Green Hotels
Practices of Green-Certified Hotels in Sri Lanka
 
Dr. D.S. Kalana Mendis
Senior Lecturer, Department of Information Technology, Advanced Technological Institute, Sri Lanka.
Research Article : A Fuzzy Approach to Environmental Informatics modelling and data
classification for cultural heritage in Archaeological sites
 
Mr. W.K.M. Wijayarathna
Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences, Nāgānanda International Institute of Buddhist Studies, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka.
Research Article : Dhamma Sermon & Popular Buddhism within the Confront of Digitization
 
Mr. S. Amarsooriya
Lecturer, Faculty of Information Technology, Horizon Campus, Sri Lanka.
Research Article : Implementation of Smart Parking System Using Image Processing

Dr. Dananjaya Gamalath
Professor, Postgraduate Institute of Archaeology, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka.

Dr. Nayomi Kekulawala
Senior Lecturer, Department of History, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka.

Abstract:
This research study intends to investigate the concept of time and space found in Historical Archaeology with reference to Buddhist and Hindu Architecture. The research problem is how to do the analysis regarding the specific Buddhist or Hindu monastic building units situated within the monastery space by using the theory of time and space. The theory of time and space can be introduced as one of the most widely used theories for analysis in the field of historical archeology. And explaining how space can be used theoretically. All architectural creations are created in proportion to their needs, and the conceptual basis on which they are based is analyzed through the use of the theory, which later incorporates and develops various influences into those creations over time and space. The use of space in historical architecture in relation to religious contexts is discussed here with Hindu Buddhist examples. Attention was drawn to the main historical constructions of the Buddha image House and the Hindu Kovil as well as the location of the buildings in the Buddhist and Hindu monastery spaces and the theoretical variations that affect them. In addition to analyzing the use of space through time and space theory in Buddhist architectural constructions in Sri Lanka during the Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa eras up to the 19th century, theoretical research shows how to identify the interior space zones of a Buddha image house or a Hindu temple.

Keywords: Gandhakuti, Ginjakavasathe, Gedige, Mandapa, Alinda

Dr. Rangana Sri Shalika Wadippuli Arachchi
Professor, Department of Tourism Management, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka.

Abstract:
Tourism has become one of the largest and fastest-growing economic sectors in Sri Lanka. The eco-tourism market is becoming a popular segment in the tourism industry. Generation Y travellers also known as millennial travellers who born between 1980- 2000, have a reputation for being more environmentally friendly than Generation X. Since millennial travellers are will be a dominant customer segment for the next 20 years it is necessary to pay attention to the green concept. The main objective of this study is to identify millennial travellers’ attitudes and beliefs towards green hotels practices. The researcher has selected green-certified hotels for the research. The study has conducted using the quantitative approach and especially a questionnaire survey with 150 millennial travellers who stayed at green hotels in Sri Lanka. The study is conceptualized using the dimensions of intention to purchase, willingness to pay more, willingness to partake in environmentally friendly activities, quality attributes and value attributes under the independent variables of attitudes and beliefs and selection of green hotels as the dependent variable. The findings highlight that there is a positive relationship between attitudes, beliefs and the selection of green hotels in Sri Lanka. However, there are some challenges and problems related to green hotels which are faced by millennials as well as hoteliers. Therefore, the government including tourism-related authorities should be concerned about this and need to plan well and work together with proper managerial implications to develop and promote green concepts within Sri Lankan hotels.

Keywords: Millennials, Eco-tourism, Green hotels, Attitudes, Beliefs

Dr. D.S. Kalana Mendis
Senior Lecturer, Department of Information Technology, Advanced Technological Institute, Sri Lanka.

Abstract:
Environmental Informatics aims at research and system development focusing on the environmental sciences relating to the creation, collection, storage, processing, modelling, interpretation, display and dissemination of data and information. The problem of classifying a number of environmental objects into classes is one of the main problems of data analysis and arises in many areas of environmental informatics. The objectives should a) To construct fuzzy membership functions for effective classified output of environmental Informatics b) To use Fuzzy logic with PCA as the input can be used for developing an environmental information system for modeling commonsense knowledge c) To enable Knowledge modeling approach for modeling commonsense knowledge in, land selection which enables holistic approach for cultural heritage in archaeological sites. The intelligent land assessment tool based on a questionnaire to identify land types in percentages and dominated land type in archaeological sites. This enable a guide understand, instrumental values, operating values, and weak values of archaeological sites. The project highlights usability of fuzzy logic for designing and implementation of an intelligent system by principal component analysis for environmental informatics modeling and data classification. The system will be evaluated by an intelligent land assessment tool in a sub field of architecture domain of land selection in archaeological sites to come up with land classifications as physical, functional and social.

Keywords: Cultural Heritage, Environmental Informatics, Intelligent Systems

Mr. W.K.M. Wijayarathna
Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences, Nāgānanda International Institute of Buddhist Studies, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka.

Abstract:
Along with era 4.0 digitalization involves several aspects of modern social context and religion is one of the prominent. When it comes to Sri Lankan popular Buddhism numerous changes can be identified through digital platforms like social media. This research attends to understand the evolutionary patterns of Buddhist Dhamma sermons applying two cases selected from Facebook. Attaragama Pragyalankara Thero, also known as “Kotuwe Podi Hamuduruwo” is a key figure which emphasizes the characteristics of modern popular Buddhism. Two posts regarding his propagations of Dhamma browsed through random Facebook pages applied to understand the characteristics of the modern evolutionary process of Buddhism. The main objective of this study is to introduce a new-found model for digital religious studies by utilizing digital anthropological knowledge to understand the digital behavior of Sri Lankan religious contexts. For the analysis of this phenomenon researcher applied the 5th principle of digital anthropology named, ambivalence and the principle of openness and closure, proposed by Daniel Miller and Heather Horst in 2012 through their work titled, “Digital Anthropology”. Different patterns in language, as well as the variations compared to traditional Dhamma sermons identified through literature, were identified from the data collected from the relevant posts. As an examination based on qualitative data, this research considered various literature to fulfill the research gap. One of the key conclusions that arise from the research is that digital anthropological knowledge is a way to understand modern popular Buddhism. Comparing traditional customs with modern-day and analyze them utilizing digital anthropological principles emphasize the evolutionary patterns of contemporary Dhamma sermons.

Keywords: Digital, Culture, Anthropology, Popular Buddhism, Dhamma Sermons

Mr. S. Amarsooriya
Lecturer, Faculty of Information Technology, Horizon Campus, Sri Lanka.

Abstract:
Today, most of Sri Lanka’s operational parking areas are controlled manually and inefficient. For this reason, drivers can take extra time to drive around the parking area in busy days to find a free parking spot. The proposed system can identify the vehicle type and free parking slots. Also, the system contains the shortest path algorithm to help drivers in finding the nearest vacant parking space. In this project, the camera is acting as a sensor. The reason behind using a camera is with an image it can detect the presence of many vehicles at once. Depending on the area to be covered, one or more cameras are used to process video clips. Since there are no sensors employed, the mechanical and electronic functionality of the system is reduced to a great extent. In previous research, Canny Edge detection method was used to identify the vehicles. In this research, Yolo algorithm is used to detect the presence and the type of vehicles in the parking area because Yolo algorithm is more accurate compared to Canny Edge detection method. After detecting the vehicles, the mean pixel value of each vehicle is taken. The coordinates of the parking slots are taken to an XML file when the parking area is empty and mark the polygon area of each parking slot. Ultimately, each parking slot is uniquely numbered, and status of the parking slot is decided according to the mean value of the vehicle. If the mean pixel value of the vehicle is inside the given bounding box then, that parking slot is not empty. Otherwise, it is empty. The updated status of each parking slot is displayed at the entrance of the parking area. The accuracy of system was approximately 95% in different weather conditions and various angles of images. The smart parking system reduces the stress, waste of time associated with the parking vehicles and makes managing such parking areas more economical.

Keywords: Smart parking system, Image processing, Parking space detection, Shortest path algorithm, Convolutional Neural Network