Nāgānanda International Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences – Vol. X, Issue 05

Subhash G. K.
Department of Music and Creative Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura.

Dr. Nayomi Dinuka Kekulawala
Department of History, University of Kelaniya.

Prof. Dananjaya Gamalath
Postgraduate Institute of Archaeology, University of Kelaniya.

Tharmini Narendranathan
Department of Political Science, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka.

Subhash G. K.
Department of Music and Creative Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura.

Abstract:
This study investigates the representation of the Buddhist cultural personality within the lyrics of early Sinhala film songs from 1947 to 1966. Emerging during the post-independence Buddhist cultural revival in Sri Lanka, these songs offer a unique lens into the era’s evolving religious and social consciousness. Using a qualitative approach and Thematic Analysis on a purposive sample of 50 lyrics from 25 prominent lyricists, the research examines how literary, contemporary, and historical figures are used to construct this cultural identity. The findings reveal a multifaceted depiction of the Buddhist personality. The Buddha is portrayed not only as a religious mentor and philosopher, but also as an omnipotent figure and social deliverer, reflecting an evolving popular devotion. The lyrics further incorporate historical characters who embody Buddhist heroism and link religious devotion to national pride. Crucially, the core of the cultural personality is also expressed through the voices of commoners (devotees, philosophers, housewives, and pilgrims). These characters articulate personal struggles, interpreting themes of love, loss, and suffering through core Buddhist concepts. Furthermore, the lyricists often adopt the persona of a Dharma preacher, embedding instructions on morality, renunciation, and the path to Nirvana within the songs. Collectively, the lyrics reflect a collective Buddhist consciousness that transforms personal experience into a vibrant spiritual and moral expression, confirming the profound influence of Buddhism on early Sinhala art and culture.

Keywords: Film Song Lyrics, Buddhist Culture, Buddhist Cultural Characters, Social Consciousness, Creativity

Dr. Nayomi Dinuka Kekulawala
Department of History, University of Kelaniya.

Prof. Dananjaya Gamalath
Postgraduate Institute of Archaeology, University of Kelaniya.

Abstract:
This study explores the multifaceted roles of the Valangiyar / Velaikkara and Manigramam / Vanikgrama merchant guilds in the Indian Ocean world between the 9th and 13th centuries CE. Moving beyond conventional portrayals of these groups as solely commercial entities, this research demonstrates their integrated functions across trade, military service, and religious patronage. Drawing on epigraphic and literary evidence from South India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia, the paper argues that these guilds functioned as hybrid institutions operating at the intersection of political, economic, and sacred domains. The Valangiyars, closely associated with the Velaikkaras, not only served as armed escorts and protectors of royal and temple assets but also maintained maritime trade routes and alliances with other merchant groups such as the Ainnurruvar and Nanadesis. Likewise, the Manigramams, originating from Kerala and expanding into Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia, developed sophisticated networks of commercial exchange, taxation, and temple patronage. Through a comparative and cross-regional analytical framework, this paper reveals how these guilds contributed to the integration of transoceanic trade, regional politics, and institutional religion. The study challenges earlier linear interpretations by highlighting the dynamic adaptability and strategic affiliations of these guilds with state power and religious authority.

Keywords: Valangiyar, Velaikkara, Manigramam, Vanikgrama, Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka

Tharmini Narendranathan
Department of Political Science, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka.

Abstract:
This paper examines the role of laws and government policies in facilitating or hindering the success of e-governance in developing countries, with a focus on Sri Lanka and India. Both countries started digital governance programs in the early 2000s, Sri Lanka with the e- Sri Lanka project and India with the Digital India mission. However, India has seen more success due to its better legal systems, more decisive leadership, and increased use of the services. India’s progress is attributed to its clear laws, such as the Information Technology Act (2000), a robust national identity system (Aadhaar), and useful services like DigiLocker and UMANG. These tools help people access government services online safely and efficiently. In contrast, Sri Lanka continues to face challenges. There is no law to protect personal data, and people in rural areas often lack sufficient knowledge and access to digital tools. Many government offices are not connected, resulting in slow and confusing services. This paper employs a comparative method, examining laws and policies, surveys, and interviews in both countries. It identifies several areas of weakness in Sri Lanka, including the absence of clear digital laws, overlapping responsibilities among various government agencies, inadequate legal training for workers, and limited digital education for the public. The paper states that Sri Lanka needs a robust plan. It should create a digital law to support online services, form a special national team for e-governance, allow users to give service feedback, and work with India to learn about legal technology. Training programs for civil servants and digital awareness campaigns should also be introduced. The main idea is that digital progress is not just about having technology. It also needs good laws, precise planning, and public trust. Without this, digital tools might exacerbate inequality. Based on what has worked in India, the paper gives a policy roadmap to help Sri Lanka improve. If Sri Lanka strengthens its legal system and works closely with its citizens, it can build a better digital future for everyone.

Keywords: E-governance, Digital public services, Legal framework, Sri Lanka, Digital India, ICT policy, Digital divide