Nāgānanda International Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences – Vol. IX, Issue 05

Dr. Ashoka Karunarathna
Assistant Librarian, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka.

Prof. Dananjaya Gamalath
Postgraduate Institute of Archaeology, University of Kelaniya.

Dr. Nayomi Dinuka Kekulawala
Department of History, University of Kelaniya.

Piyasena K G C C
Department of Human Resource Management, Faculty of Management Studies and Commerce, University of Sri Jayewardenepura.

Dr. Ashoka Karunarathna
Assistant Librarian, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka.

Abstract:
The ancient water engineering technology stands out as a robust construction that underscores the excellence of sinhala culture. Ancient societies endeavored to manage water for agricultural purposes in response to climate change, even predating civilization. While the early micro-water industry emerged for limited purposes, it is evident that later, expanded-purpose, and marine irrigation industries developed. The uniqueness lies in how the technology was manipulated to create a canal, serving the functions of a long river. This research aims to explore the water engineering technology of the Yodha Canal and its environmental balancing concepts. The research problem focuses on ascertaining the contribution of the geophysical environment to Yodha Canal water engineering techniques. In conducting the research, the study area served as the core area, spanning from Kala Lake to Tisawewa, with 3 miles on both sides as the left and right bank serving as the peripheral area. Geographical location information and formal survey methods were employed for data collection, while Geographic Information System and laboratory research methods facilitated data analysis. The research revealed sluices supplying water to the lakes on both sides of the Yodha Canal, silt control technology, groundwater conservation methods, bank technology, and water engineering technology. This can be identified as a unique irrigation engineering technology, aptly nicknamed a “long river.”

Keywords: Irrigation, Hydraulic Engineering, Water Management, Groundwater

Prof. Dananjaya Gamalath
Postgraduate Institute of Archaeology, University of Kelaniya.

Dr. Nayomi Dinuka Kekulawala
Department of History, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya.

Abstract:
This study explores the religious and ascetic dimensions of Padhanaghara architecture in ancient Sri Lanka, with particular emphasis on its function in supporting Dhutanga practices as prescribed in the Theravāda Buddhist tradition. The Padhanaghara, a distinctive form of monastic residence characterized by its seclusion, structural austerity, and emphasis on meditative solitude, is examined not merely as a built environment but as an institutional manifestation of monastic discipline. Drawing upon canonical sources such as the Visuddhimagga, Aṅguttara Nikāya, and Dīgha Nikāya, along with archaeological and historical evidence, this research analyzes how such structures enabled and reflected the vipassanā-dhura orientation of forest-dwelling monks (āraññavāsī bhikkhus). Special attention is given to the roles of Paṃsukūlika, Dhammadhara, and Dhamma Kathika monks who resided in these spaces, and to the socio-religious context that sustained such ascetic ideals during the pre-Christian centuries. The study concludes that the Padhanaghara was not simply a meditative cell, but a vital religious space aligned with the ascetic ethos of early Buddhism in Sri Lanka.

Keywords: Padhanaghara, Dhutanga, Forest-dwelling monks, Ascetic practice, Theravāda Buddhism

Piyasena K G C C
Department of Human Resource Management, Faculty of Management Studies and Commerce, University of Sri Jayewardenepura.

Abstract:
This study provides a critical examination of Expectancy Theory’s application in contemporary employee performance management systems. Drawing upon Vroom’s (1964) foundational Valence- Instrumentality-Expectancy (VIE) model and subsequent empirical validations (Van Eerde & Thierry, 1996; Purvis et al., 2015), this paper analyzes the cognitive mechanisms through which employees make motivational calculations. Meta-analytic evidence from 74 studies (N =12,879) reveals moderate correlations between VIE components and performance outcomes (ρ = .27 to .41), with substantial moderating effects of measurement approach and cultural context (Baumann & Bonner, 2017). The multiplicative nature of the model (Force = E × Σ(I × V)) demonstrates that failure in any component nullifies overall motivation, regardless of strength in other areas. Analysis of 15 organizations implementing VIE-based interventions shows 23% average performance improvement when all three components are systematically addressed (Chen & Klimoski, 2003). Cultural adaptations for South Asian contexts reveal significant modifications needed in collectivist settings where group efficacy (β = .38, p < .001) predicts performance better than individual expectancy beliefs (β = .21, p < .05) (Gelfand et al., 2017). The paper contributes a revised framework incorporating unconscious processing, temporal dynamics, and digital- age modifications essential for contemporary applications.

Keywords: Expectancy Theory, VIE Model, Cognitive Motivation, Performance Management, Cross-Cultural Psychology, Motivational Calculations